Liquids for the cold/heat storage of LAES usually result in a high round-trip efficiency of 50–60 %, however, these liquids are flammable and hence unsuitable for large-scale applications. The traditional standalone LAES configuration is reported to have a long payback period of ∼20 years with low economic benefits.
4.1. Standalone liquid air energy storage In the standalone LAES system, the input is only the excess electricity, whereas the output can be the supplied electricity along with the heating or cooling output.
The coupled LAES systems refer to the configuration that the air liquefaction unit, energy storage unit and power generation unit are built together for operation. It can be furtherly split into standalone LAES and hybrid LAES. With heat or cold recovery by itself, the performance of the overall system can be significantly improved. 4.1.
6. Concluding remarks Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is becoming an attractive thermo-mechanical storage solution for decarbonization, with the advantages of no geological constraints, long lifetime (30–40 years), high energy density (120–200 kWh/m 3), environment-friendly and flexible layout.
The supercapacitor and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technologies are proper for short-time, and large load smoothing, improving the power quality of networks on a small energy storage scale. The main disadvantage of these Electrical ESSs is the large capital cost per unit.
The volumetric energy storage density, which is widely used for LAES, is defined as the total power output or stored exergy divided by the required volume of storage parts (i.e., liquid air tank). The higher energy density of an ESS means that it can store more available energy and be more conducive to designing compact devices.
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