We then present a sensitivity analysis designed to demonstrate the impact of several factors which are critical to both economic cost and environmental burden. These factors include the module efficiency, wafer thickness/kerf loss, system lifetime, siting and system performance factors.
This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at Woodhouse, Michael. Brittany Smith, Ashwin Ramdas, and Robert Margolis. 2019. Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Manufacturing Costs and Sustainable Pricing: 1H 2018 Benchmark and Cost Reduction Roadmap.
Technologies based on crystalline silicon (c-Si) dominate the current PV market, and their MSPs are the lowest; the figure only shows the MSP for monocrystalline monofacial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) modules, but benchmark MSPs are similar ($0.25–$0.27/W) across the c-Si technologies we analyze.
Over the past decade, the crystalline-silicon (c-Si) photovoltaic (PV) industry has grown rapidly and developed a truly global supply chain, driven by increasing consumer demand for PV as well as technical advances in cell performance and manufacturing processes that enabled dramatic cost reductions.
The capital cost of a PV system is composed of the PV module cost and the Balance of system (BOS) cost. The PV module is the interconnected array of PV cells and its cost is determined by raw material costs, notably silicon prices, cell processing/manufacturing and module assembly costs.
The average cost of BOS and installation for PV systems is in the range of USD 1.6 to USD 1.85/W, depending on whether the PV system is ground-mounted or rooftop, and whether it has a tracking system (Bony, 2010 and Photon, 2011). The LCOE of PV systems is therefore highly dependent on BOS and installation costs, which include:
The eficiency of crystalline silicon modules ranges from 14% to 19% (see Table 2.1).7 While a mature technology, continued cost reductions are possible through improvements in materials and manufacturing processes, and from economies of scale if the market continues to grow, enabling a number of high-volume manufacturers to emerge.
We then present a sensitivity analysis designed to demonstrate the impact of several factors which are critical to both economic cost and environmental burden. These factors include the module efficiency, wafer thickness/kerf loss, system lifetime, siting and system performance factors.
Tandem photovoltaic modules with silicon bottom cells offer a promising route to exceed the single-junction photovoltaic efficiency limit and further lower the levelized cost of solar electricity ...
Renewable energy has become an auspicious alternative to fossil fuel resources due to its sustainability and renewability. In this respect, Photovoltaics (PV) technology is one of the essential technologies. Today, …
The costs accounting framework that is detailed in this paper provides a methodology to prepare bottom-up c-Si PV supply chain cost models in accordance with the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Adachi, D., Hernández, J. L. & Yamamoto, K. Impact of carrier recombination on fill factor for large area heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell with 25.1% efficiency. Appl. Phys.
The costs accounting framework that is detailed in this paper provides a methodology to prepare bottom-up c-Si PV supply chain cost models in accordance with the U.S. Generally Accepted …
The analysis illuminates major cost and revenue drivers that likely apply to c-Si recycling processes now and in the future, while assessing whether a surcharge may be necessary to recycle c-Si PV based on costs and revenues associated with recovered materials.
The analysis illuminates major cost and revenue drivers that likely apply to c-Si recycling processes now and in the future, while assessing whether a surcharge may be …
We evaluate the potential of c-Si photovoltaics to reach this goal by developing a bottom-up cost model for c-Si wafer, cell, and module manufacturing; performing a sensitivity analysis to determine research domains that provide the greatest impact on cost; and evaluating the cost-reduction potential of line-of-sight manufacturing ...
Technologies based on crystalline silicon (c-Si) dominate the current PV market, and their MSPs are the lowest; the figure only shows the MSP for monocrystalline monofacial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) modules, but benchmark MSPs are similar ($0.25–$0.27/W) across the c-Si technologies we analyze.
We employ NREL''s bottom-up cost modeling methods and accepted accounting frameworks to estimate costs and minimum sustainable prices (MSPs) for each step in the c-Si supply chain: …
These manufacturing cost analyses focus on specific PV and energy storage technologies—including crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide, perovskite, and III-V solar cells—and energy storage components, including inverters and …
Technologies based on crystalline silicon (c-Si) dominate the current PV market, and their MSPs are the lowest; the figure only shows the MSP for monocrystalline monofacial passivated …
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics are robust, manufacturable, and Earth-abundant. However, barriers exist for c-Si modules to reach US$0.50–0.75/Wp fabrication costs necessary for subsidy-free utility-scale adoption. We evaluate …
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics are robust, manufacturable, and Earth-abundant. However, barriers exist for c-Si modules to reach US$0.50–0.75/W p fabrication costs necessary for subsidy-free utility-scale adoption. We evaluate the potential of c-Si photovoltaics to reach this goal by developing a bottom-up cost model for c-Si wafer, cell, and module manufacturing; …
We evaluate the potential of c-Si photovoltaics to reach this goal by developing a bottom-up cost model for c-Si wafer, cell, and module manufacturing; performing a sensitivity analysis to...
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics are robust, manufacturable, and Earth-abundant. However, barriers exist for c-Si modules to reach US$0.50–0.75/Wp fabrication costs necessary for subsidy-free utility-scale adoption. We evaluate the potential of c-Si photovoltaics to reach this goal by developing a bo
We employ NREL''s bottom-up cost modeling methods and accepted accounting frameworks to estimate costs and minimum sustainable prices (MSPs) for each step in the c-Si supply chain: polysilicon, ingots and wafers, cells, and modules. The following are key results.
Recycling is an important circular economy strategy, and for photovoltaics (PV), the one that has received the greatest research attention. Recycling of PV modules is required in Europe; everywhere else it competes in the market of end-of-life options, where cost is a primary decision factor. The vast majority of PV modules sold globally are crystalline-silicon (c-Si); …
The evolution of photovoltaic cells is intrinsically linked to advancements in the materials from which they are fabricated. This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the latest ...
The prices of crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules are more varied, but were typically in the range USD 1.02 to USD 1.24/W for the most competitive markets. PV module costs have a learning
Crystalline silicon solar cells have dominated the photovoltaic market since the very beginning in the 1950s. Silicon is nontoxic and abundantly available in the earth''s crust, and silicon PV ...
We evaluate the potential of c-Si photovoltaics to reach this goal by developing a bottom-up cost model for c-Si wafer, cell, and module manufacturing; performing a sensitivity …
We evaluate the potential of c-Si photovoltaics to reach this goal by developing a bottom-up cost model for c-Si wafer, cell, and module manufacturing; performing a sensitivity …
Worldwide, the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules reached a cumulative 623 GW at the end of 2019 [1].Although PV uses various semiconductor materials, crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology constituted over 90% of all the PV modules produced in 2018 [2], and c-Si is expected to retain market dominance through 2030 [3].End-of-life (EOL) PV …
A solar cell also called photovoltaic cell or PV is the technology used to convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity. As the PV market grows, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the energy performance of photovoltaic solar cells technologies. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare the performance of crystalline silicon and …
This work optimizes the design of single- and double-junction crystalline silicon-based solar cells for more than 15,000 terrestrial locations. The sheer breadth of the simulation, coupled with the vast dataset it generated, makes it possible to extract statistically robust conclusions regarding the pivotal design parameters of PV cells, with a particular emphasis on …
We then present a sensitivity analysis designed to demonstrate the impact of several factors which are critical to both economic cost and environmental burden. These …
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